Doñana National Park is one of Spain’s most important natural areas, located in southwestern Andalusia near the mouth of the Guadalquivir River. It is known for its extensive marshes, lagoons, pine forests, Mediterranean scrubland and sand dunes. The variety of habitats makes the park one of Europe’s major centres of biodiversity. Doñana was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1994.
Marshes and lagoons
The park’s defining feature is its extensive wetlands, which change with the seasons and rainfall. During rainy months, shallow pools form and attract large numbers of waterbirds. In drier periods, parts of the marshes become open plains where grazing animals and characteristic Andalusian vegetation can be seen. Lagoons, rivers and wet meadows provide habitats for many plant and animal species.
Sand dunes and forests
Sandy beaches and systems of mobile and fixed dunes stretch along the Atlantic coast. Wind gradually shifts the sand and reshapes the coastal landscape. Some dunes reach considerable heights and move towards pine forests. Mediterranean shrubs, pines and oaks also grow in the park. The combination of wetlands, forests, beaches and sandy areas creates a distinctive mosaic of natural habitats.
Wildlife and bird migration
Doñana is especially important for birds migrating between Europe and Africa. Many stop here during their journeys, spend the winter or breed. Flamingos, herons, ducks and other waterbirds can be observed in the marshes. The park is also a refuge for threatened animals, including the Iberian lynx and the Spanish imperial eagle. Protecting its varied habitats is essential to the survival of these species.
Routes and visiting the park
Visitors can discover Doñana along marked walking trails, from observation points and at visitor centres. Some routes run around the edges of the protected area, while access to selected parts of the park’s interior is available through organised four-wheel-drive excursions. Guided trips along the Guadalquivir River are another option. Visitor centres provide information to help travellers choose a route according to the season and current conditions.
Nature conservation rules
Doñana is a protected area, so visitors should follow local regulations, remain on authorised routes and avoid disturbing wildlife. Access to some locations may be restricted to protect nesting sites and other sensitive habitats. Before travelling, check visitor-centre opening hours, route availability and whether excursions need to be booked in advance.
Doñana National Park brings together a remarkable variety of ecosystems and plays an important role in conserving European nature. It attracts birdwatchers, photographers and travellers who want to explore wetlands, sand dunes and the wild landscapes of Andalusia.
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